Line Plot to Visualize the Distribution of Missing Values

Visualize the distribution of missing values within a time series.

ggplot_na_distribution(
  x,
  x_axis_labels = NULL,
  color_points = "steelblue",
  color_lines = "steelblue2",
  color_missing = "indianred",
  color_missing_border = "indianred",
  alpha_missing = 0.5,
  title = "Distribution of Missing Values",
  subtitle = "Time Series with highlighted missing regions",
  xlab = "Time",
  ylab = "Value",
  shape_points = 20,
  size_points = 2.5,
  theme = ggplot2::theme_linedraw()
)

Arguments

x

Numeric Vector (vector) or Time Series (ts) object containing NAs. This is the only mandatory parameter - all other parameters are only needed for adjusting the plot appearance.

x_axis_labels

For adding specific x-axis labels. Takes a vector of Date or POSIXct objects as an input (needs the same length as x) . The Default (NULL) uses the observation numbers as x-axis tick labels.

color_points

Color for the Symbols/Points.

color_lines

Color for the Lines.

color_missing

Color used for highlighting the time spans with NA values.

color_missing_border

Color used as border for time spans with NA values.

alpha_missing

Alpha (transparency) value used for color_missing.

title

Title of the Plot (NULL for deactivating title).

subtitle

Subtitle of the Plot (NULL for deactivating subtitle).

xlab

Label for x-Axis.

ylab

Label for y-Axis.

shape_points

Symbol to use for the Observations/Points. See https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/articles/ggplot2-specs.html as reference.

size_points

Size of Symbols/Points.

theme

Set a Theme for ggplot2. Default is ggplot2::theme_linedraw(). (theme_linedraw)

Details

This function visualizes the distribution of missing values within a time series. If a value is NA, the background is colored differently. This gives a good overview of where most missing values occur.

The only really needed parameter for this function is x (the univariate time series that shall be visualized). All other parameters are solely for altering the appearance of the plot.

As long as the input is univariate and numeric the function also takes data.frame, tibble, tsibble, zoo, xts as an input.

The plot can be adjusted to your needs via the function parameters. Additionally, for more complex adjustments, the output can also be adjusted via ggplot2 syntax. This is possible, since the output of the function is a ggplot2 object. Also take a look at the Examples to see how adjustments are made.

For very long time series it might happen, that the plot gets too crowded and overplotting issues occur. In this case the ggplot_na_distribution2 plotting function can provide a more condensed overview.

See also

ggplot_na_distribution2, ggplot_na_gapsize, ggplot_na_gapsize2, ggplot_na_imputations

Author

Steffen Moritz, Sebastian Gatscha

Examples

# Example 1: Visualize the missing values in x
x <- stats::ts(c(1:11, 4:9, NA, NA, NA, 11:15, 7:15, 15:6, NA, NA, 2:5, 3:7))
ggplot_na_distribution(x)


# Example 2: Visualize the missing values in tsAirgap time series
ggplot_na_distribution(tsAirgap)


# Example 3: Same as example 1, just written with pipe operator
x <- ts(c(1:11, 4:9, NA, NA, NA, 11:15, 7:15, 15:6, NA, NA, 2:5, 3:7))
x %>% ggplot_na_distribution()


# Example 4: Visualize NAs in tsAirgap - different color for points
# Plot adjustments via ggplot_na_distribution function parameters
ggplot_na_distribution(tsAirgap, color_points = "grey")


# Example 5: Visualize NAs in tsAirgap - different theme
# Plot adjustments via ggplot_na_distribution function parameters
ggplot_na_distribution(tsAirgap, theme = ggplot2::theme_classic())


# Example 6: Visualize NAs in tsAirgap - title, subtitle in center
# Plot adjustments via ggplot2 syntax
ggplot_na_distribution(tsAirgap) +
  ggplot2::theme(plot.title = ggplot2::element_text(hjust = 0.5)) +
  ggplot2::theme(plot.subtitle = ggplot2::element_text(hjust = 0.5))


# Example 7: Visualize NAs in tsAirgap - title in center, no subtitle
# Plot adjustments via ggplot2 syntax and function parameters
ggplot_na_distribution(tsAirgap, subtitle = NULL) +
  ggplot2::theme(plot.title = ggplot2::element_text(hjust = 0.5))


# Example 8: Visualize NAs in tsAirgap - x-axis texts with angle
# Plot adjustments via ggplot2 syntax and function parameters
ggplot_na_distribution(tsAirgap, color_points = "grey") +
  ggplot2::theme(axis.text.x = ggplot2::element_text(angle = 60, hjust = 1))